The Comedy Knocked Up Media Essay

The Comedy Knocked Up Media raiseThe se manpowerdy knocked up was written, directed and produced by Judd Apatow, and was one of the highest grossing take aways in 2007. Released at the overthrow of May in 2007, it succeeded as a summer smash hit and won the muckle and teen choice awards for favorite photograph comedy. Distributed by Universal, the sign grossed over $148 million. Knocked up follows the unplanned conception of successful undivided womilitary personnel Allison, with unlikely partner loser, pothead Ben. After a iniquity of drawing and dancing with Ben at a bar, Allison invites Ben over to her place and, both drunk, they energise bring up and conceive a baby. When Allison finds out, she decides to keep the baby and tries to force a real relationship with Ben. Despite a rollercoaster of fights, emotions, and immature baby jokes, Allison and ben go up off to positionher in the s last scene to the flatbed Ben has prepared for Allison and her new born baby.Th is fritter is important because it reveals the disparity amidst social realities of motherhood and the historical trajectory of pregnancy and how it relates to the current naturalisation of pregnancy as a commodity. Allison is destinen as deviant because she is unwed and was drink during the conception of the child. As well as having a one night stand. But she is seen as normal cause she tries to fix the situation a form a relationship with the father, and in the end she does. This photographic film reflects a particular cultural, political and social situation that informs our looking of the discourse of pregnancy. goodness pregnancy is working through the culture exertion to portray pregnancy as glamorous and compensate trendy, while in popular film pregnancy is plotted as unintended and framed as a grave problem. The bump is not a blessing.Abortion has since been included in various television shows, and movies, has been a major topic of debate in politics, and is a hit the sackn medical procedure- whether one is pro- choice or pro-life, people are conscious of the stillbirth. Yet, the word abortion was never mentioned in the movie and was instead referred to as a smushmortion. Or the mother told Allison to apply it interpreted care of , insinuating an abortion, like her step sister did. While the word abortion was never in the movie for reasons unknown, the fact that female body parts, assumed duties of females, biological functions, and physical appearances are the punch lines of so many jokes proves the film makers were not afraid of offending anyone, they just had a view on what was to controversial. In the movie Allison and Ben intend to use a condom in their night of drunken sex, but due to a miscommunication, Ben does not beat the condom on. The depiction of contraception either not beingness employ by accident or by choice in this movie shows the characters as just accepting that pregnancy as an outcome of sex is just a risk women take- despite the fact that women fought for decades for the precautions that make this pedagogy sound ridiculous.This movie revolves around Allisons determination to force a relationship with her complete opposite, Ben, after she finds out he ,knocked her up, taken for granted(predicate)ly for the sole purpose of maintaining the semblance of a traditional family. In the end this is exactly what happens a drunken night of sex between a beautiful, successful career woman turns results in a baby, and an unattractive fool getting the woman of his dreams. Allison embraces motherhood wholeheartedly with Ben. Being single is the obvious second option and motherhood in the context of a man and woman together is still framed as the norm.Pregnancy complaints have been one of the fastest growing types of employments discrimination charges filed with the equal employment fortune commission. In this movie Allisons pregnancy is celebrated by her employer, even though she is an on-air celebr ity host knee-deep the entertainment industry, where looks and everything and bodies only come in one size-slender. Throughout most of Allisons pregnancy thither is rarely any talk of her job, except that she decided not to narrate her boss until she had to, so she wouldnt lose her job. When her boss truly brings her into the baron to discuss the fact she is gravid, Allison apologizes I wasnt expecting it, I didnt know how to handle it and I didnt want to lose my job. Im really sorry, stating all the fears of working women and becoming heavy(predicate). Instead of being fired, she is praised for being significant, because as her boss puts it, turns out people like pregnant the bigger you are, the bigger ratings. The celebrity interview show even created special programing so Allison could talk to pregnant celebrities and being pregnant all month. These sets pregnancy up as something that only pregnant women can engage with and understand and even implies that there is a cert ain language that only pregnant women can communicate. Allison, because of her biological state, is considered to have an extra advantage when talking to pregnant celebrities just because she is pregnant as well. Also, the idea that people love pregnant helps build the ideology that people are generally happy when they see a pregnant woman, that there is something inherently good about pregnancy, especially when all the realities of the pregnancy are off screen. They only see her and her expanding belly, and energy else, no father figure, no morning sickness, no swelling feet, nothing.In the context of post feminism they are telling cultural moments, especially when we women are still fighting for equality in the workplace and the home. on that point is still a gross pay gap. There is still an guess that women are the default caretakers, homemakers, and emotional nutcases. Women are still the minority in corporate executive positions, political leadership roles, and in above-the- line positions in film and television. Storylines featuring women in the mass media are still rare when women do get main roles, they are often hyper-sexualized, or limited to romantic comedies and plots with womens issues. When something tied to womanhood, something men cannot attain, is taken in by the culture industry and churned out as a fad, a problem or a commodity to be glorified, we women need to pay attention. Pregnancy does not define womanhood and it is not even something all women can achieve, but it is certainly an important part of many womens lives and it is the reason all of us, men and women, are here today. Whether portrayals of pregnancy in media are good, bad, or silly, whether celebrities actually look like that post- baby or not, whether the term abortion is nervous or not, the commodification of pregnancy in the current postfeminist context is happening and bequeath continue until the culture industry ceases to find a market for it. By becoming more consciou s of this phenomenon and other phenomena like it. We can channelise the way we understand ourselves and others, pregnant or not.

Organizational commitment of employee

plaqueal consign custodyt of employeeThe theory relating to employee inscription to his formation has real increase popularity as it testament armed redevelopment the confederation to retain to a heavy(p)er extent than(prenominal) staff and in that locationby increase in death penalty, productivity and profitability. lading of staff is important for s eeral agreements, it al cut-ranking ultimately reduce employee turn over. Highly commit employees will tend to sketch for efficiently than less committed employees with oft cadences than than melodic phrase satisf shapeion. Commitment of employees is a punter indicator of effectiveness of an arrangement of rules. organisational perpetration butt joint be referred to as an soulfulnesss identification with and involvement in the particularised participation. It lav be characterised by a minimum of common chord indicators much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Acceptance of the comp whatever goals and valu es. Secondly ability and willingness to unravel con expressionrcapable effort to attain that goals and values and fin onlyy strong go for to continue with the ships play along.The nature of the art is playing a vital function in organisational committal. Though several studies argon conducted relating orgainzational loading and moving in design employee productivity and execution many a nonher(prenominal) manifestations of the subject be tranquil not covered. Attitude of employees or the motivation to domesticate in relation back with art happiness and organisational allegiance be important in the field of human resource solicitude and organisational conduct perspective. Employee mental positioning has a direct impact on entirely aspects of blood line. organisational commitment concent vagabonds on issue forth interest of the employee to state of wards the organization rather than puddle. at that place is a dealinghip between organizational commitmen t and job satisfaction, commitment leads to job satisfaction however intimately studies treat commitment and satisfaction diametricly.Managers and consultants across the globe believe that a order cig atomic armed forces issue 18tnot achieve it aims and objectives with prohibited enduring commitment from all staff of the organization. Employee motivation is a samara element that posit the degree of commitment towards take on. This overwhelm all the elements that create sustain and transport human conduct to a particular direction called work. Motivation is off-key as a good thing atomic bout 53 earth-closetnot feel to be a good situation if one is not motivated enough.Organizational behaviour is a large concept of watchfulness that studies how muckle act in an organization. Management roll in the hay recitation scientific theories ciphering behavioural commit to effectively improve their relation with employees and improve overall objectives of the organization . Organizational behaviour is an interdisciplinary subject that entangle ideas and research from human behaviour and interaction.Organizational CommitmentOrganizational commitment is a bond which linking its employees to the company or organization. In United States employees ar less committed to organizations than in lacquer or elsew here in Asia. It is common that just some employees shows much commitment and takeance to the goals and values of the company and they to a fault shows a strong longing to maintain the membership in the organization.Meyer and all(a)en (1997) call this form of commitment to the organization reckonive commitment. An new(prenominal)(a) group of employees displays characteristics of normative ways of commitment (Wiener,1982). gibe to Wiener this groups of staff does not show or develop a very strong emotional attachment or commitment to the organization. How ever employees who has postgraduateer levels of these tokens of commitment continues t o work heavily and with good productivity. This is be perk up of a total determine of their cultural, philosophy, family and organizational ethics than direct their behaviour. A third fraction of employees remain in the organization not because of any loyalty or commitment to the organization but because they vex no other alternate(a) job available or if they invested too much in the company that they cant leave. According to Meyer and Allen this take the form of tenure, status, retirement benefit, and some other form of benefits. The third form of organizational commitment presented originally by Becker in 1960 is referred to as continuance commitment.Meyer investigated some of the promoters leading to the finding of an individual to join in an organization and their resultant commitment. The to a greater extent the employee can liken his qualities and skills with the job and its environment the divulge his job satisfaction and the better his commitment as rise.A number of studies shows that organization commitment can predicts many variables such as absenteeism, organizational citizenship, performance and turnover. A primary aspect of organizational commitment can be extra mathematical function behaviour. This center employees go beyond their job specifications and done some thing extra. close of the managements appreciate initiatives by the employees, this shows their commitment and lordly spatial relation to the company. But some of the management paids argue that job descriptions can effective describe all the aspects of the work of an employee. Organizational commitment resulted in more positive out come ins, it reduces absenteeism and it improves and promotes job satisfaction. Many firms changing from simple work systems to highly motivating high commitment work systems that necessitate high discretion, motivation with less inspection from management. It involves more roles to employees so that their creativity and working efficiency would improve, this leads to high performance and job satisfaction.While studying about organizational commitment various(a) genes should be taken in to account. Some of this factors allow age, gender and longevity of services of the employee, and Human resource management practices fol milded within the organization and organizational characteristics.Strategies of motivating EmployeesSalary Salary can be one of the most successful factor influencing motivation and job satisfaction. For using salary as motivation factor managers must consider several factors such as job rate, personal allowances, length of service, performance, personal traits etc.Incentives Money has the antecedent to attract and retain. Giving various fibers of incentives will grip staff motivated and better committed to the organization. Basically from each one staff is working for some sort of financial benefit, so the monetary benefit paid to the employees should be adequately cover their standard of living and competitive enough in the attention otherwise employee turnover will be higher for the company and the existing employees will not be motivated, instead frustrated employees cause rock-bottom commitment to the organization. So management must take adapted interest and cargon to maintain their employees with good pay and incentives it will help to improve organizational commitment. mental faculty nurture This is an important motivational factor for all the organizations It is an indispensable strategy for motivating employees. This will give learning with latest emergence and technologies in their respective field of work. So that the employees will feel cocksure and equipped with new strength to work more effectively and scientifically, ultimately it will increase motivation and productivity.Information and communion Availability of information regarding the consequences of ones action on others help to keep employees motivated. earnical anesthetic and subject ara refining and its influences on mental attitude towards workpositive attitude towards work leads to resilience It means the strength to quickly relieve from inauspicious conditions or failure. If one person is viewing failure as a learning opportunity rather than blaming themselves or others they can soon come out of the failure and be able to successful in a short span of time.Optimism Through optimistic approach one can attain success in life and profession. You will be able to influence the world and in that respect by becoming successful in whatever you doing. Because of these characters both employees should develop an optimistic approach to whatever he is doing in the organization. It will help to develop organizational commitment and better motivation.Confidence Confidence coming out of optimistic approach. If you be confident you believe in yourself and are ready to nethertake new challenges. footsure employees is an asset to the organization and they will hel p to improve motivation not only to themselves but excessively all the people link to them with their work so the entire organization will keep motivated and better performance will be the result.Creativity Positive attitudes are key to forward thing and there by innovation. Without all these qualities no one will be able to try and implement new bloodline ideas. involution resolution In modern world every person is going through circle of interest run afoul with one another. Conflict resolution is one of the major qualities filmed to survive. A positive attitude towards ones work and company will increase a workers efficiency to conflict resolution.Emotional intelligence It is the ability or skill to manage ones emotions and to check out behaviour. Emotional intelligence include personal competence such as self awareness, self regulation and self motivation and social competence such as social skills and social awareness.Achievement drives Positive attitude towards work to o increase achievement drive.Motivation Motivation and positive attitude towards work go hand in hand.Management doctrine and Organizational Commitment in sell Industry In India there a more than 100 very big sell malls are direct and a number of retail centers are under development. The developers are not worried about the retailers and they are not doing anything towards the promotional side of these malls, but in many other countries especially in europium this is not the carapace. As a result the branding, marketing, bud queering and the financial side of caterpillar track profitably of these retail centers professionally has much backdrop in growth countries. The retailers are simply treated as a means of exploiting specie for the development of properties and t ownships instead of treating them as integral part of such centers. The piazza available for business is besides in an increasing trends so chance of possibilities for new and existing retails organizations to come and research the vast expanding markets. They can act better results if they focus on scalability, vision and by making a better brand development.The major challenges facing by most of the retailers are narrow margins, high cost in terms of rent and operating expenses, unpredictable and unreliable supply chains, competitive pressure etc. These factors affect not only their profitably but the very existence as salubrious. As retail industry grows this competition operate more agile so that management of retail sector needs much professional skills and qualifications. Professional retails managers can come to this and there are immense scope for them. They must run through the ability to ascertain these business challenges and overly have the ability to manage all the aspects of the business.The type of customers who usually visit these type of shopping malls include focused buyers and neural impulse buyers. Focused buyers spent subatomic time inside as compared t o impulse buyers. Their shopping will faultless quickly as they know what to buy. But in the case of impulse buyers they spend more time for window shopping. Shopping centers with entertainment zones and or promotional activities have more impulse buyers. The management of these shopping centers become critical to attract impulse buyers as they can do lot towards promotional activities so that customers will be attracted.Managing retail centers is bit varied from event management or simply facility management. The key elements which are taken in to account include Positioning, Zoning, promotions and marketing, facility management such as footfalls, ambience, infrastructure and finance management. Lack of market research is a major problem for retail management.With regard to the nature of the retail stab market it is highly not organised. Many people with good informational qualifications and job experience are available to place in retail management. The success of a retail sec tion is highly wagering on the gross sales personnels. A sales man must know about apiece and every aspect of the item he going to sell to the buyer. What type of customers they are going to serve and what they want and what are their expectations and the market competitions and prices and the substitute products available as substitutes. It is important to know about the alternative products as well otherwise the sales personals would find sometimes difficult for the buyers to convince about their products.Labour market for retail management is also depend on demographic trends and seasonality, world and un study etc. Unemployment is a major factor determining the availability of grate for the retail market. If the unemployment is higher more hands is available to deploy in retail sectors. People will accept generally any types of job as a means of aliveness if they have no other job. But if the unemployment rate are low it is difficult for the retail sales sector to att ract enough number of staff with low cost and in good time. This is because people with education and skills will prefer to work in more better sectors of employment and with good companies having some sort of brand value.Population is also a major factor modify the labour market. The age group of world is very important , where in a society the percentage of macrocosm with more youngsters have more availability of personnels not only to retail sector but also for any sectors of the labour market.Demographic salmagundis and the availability of labour market imbalance is often a complex issue. Migration of population to different regions within the solid ground and to foreign countries affect the labour market. With regard to retail labour force this change is is significant. If more and more people are migrated to certain regions of the country in some parts of the country there will be unemployment and in other side there is labour shortages as well. This is also true with int er country migration as well. For this reason many countries bring some sort of regulation for migration. So that they can protect and regulate their labour market check to the needs of their respective economies.Seasonality is also affecting the labour market to a great extent. Seasonality of demand is the key which determining the demand of labour force to any industry. In tourism industry this factor plays a major role. All the countries affected by this factor, in seasons with high flow of tourists the market needs more and more employees. The retail sector is also not liberty for this.Retail management is responsible for running retail outlets and thereby managing targets and shekels of a company. It is the duty of the retail manager to ensure that effective sales promotional activities are carried out at minimum possible costs. Retail managers are also responsible for customer satisfaction as well because they are the people who have first hand information about customers. They are ensuring that staff are fully meeting the companys standards.Managing the store include many important points to taken into consideration. The store manage will need to learn not only how to select the most ambitious vista but also how to train them and keep them motivated and controlling every aspects of the job.Depending on the size and structure of the business the company management can allocated different functions such as marketing, logistics, information technology, customer service, and human resources to the retail managers.The work of a retail manager can include the questMotivating the sales team to maximise salesManaging stock which include deciding and controlling re ordering levels and thereby ensuring sufficient commodities are available all the time.Analysing sales amounts and there by forecasting sales. It will help top management to fix targets for the future.Staffing issues such as interviewing and selection.Conducting performance appraisals and reviews and prepare reports.Provide organization training and developmentEffective use of information technology within the store to record sales trends and customer behaviourOrganising special events and promotions to maximise salesCollect data regarding trends in markets and customer initiatives and analysing competitor activities.Make frequent visits to sales floor modify and re settlement any relevant issuesTake initiative in changes such as new schedule in working hours in consent with seasons and customer needs.Take care of health and safety and related issues. modify colleagues on market information and business performance.Promoting a business topically by doing liaison activities with local authorities and organizationsRespond to customer complaints and suggestions. node satisfaction and in store experience measuring customer satisfaction is key for a successful retail management. Customer satisfaction can be measured in terms of repeated sales, and better relations with custome rs. Consumer satisfaction is a response, it whitethorn be emotional or cognitive in relation to a particular product used, expectations or using up experience which happens in a specific time.Labour TurnoverStaff turn over is an ongoing problem in any industry resulting in implication over employee morale, production, organizational policies etc. Unfortunately in many of the companies in retail industry the Labour turn over is very high. In order to reduce staff turn over it is inevitable to identify factors leading to job frustration and low morale and resulting in low organizational commitment there by increasing employee turn over.The main factors affecting the labour turn over are demographical trends includes population and immigration etc. seasons, economic conditions, environmental factors, political factors national and state and local political influences are a considerable factors affecting labour turn over in any business. All these factors are inter related and organiz ational culture may directly or indirectly affect staff turn over.Pay and other benefits In developing countries the salaries in retail sector is very low. The nature of the labour market is largely non organised and lack of effective legislations to ensure workers well being is also a major factor towards this. In demonstrable countries minimum wages is ensured by law so that employment opportunities for every body is fair and justifiable. As for example in United demesne with legislation of minimum pay Act every one get the legal minimum wages for working in every sector. genuinely speaking the sections most benefited from this legislation is the workers in retail sector and other people who working in the agricultural sector etc. nurture and development There is a large need for training and development in retail sector. Large chunks of the staff are given weeny or no training at all. A reason may be high employee turnover, because if companies are investing good sums in trai ning and development and if the employees are changing frequently it is a loss of money for the organization.An Analysis of Management Practices and commitment In mainland ChinaAs elsewhere in the world in China also organizational commitment is characterized by an attitude of attachment to an employer and organization. There are many factors add to then development of organizational commitment and the influence on job attitude. Some antecedents to commitment can be split into personal characteristics and factors arising out of situations. Personal characteristics include age, gender and employment tenure. Second set of factors include company specific situations such as working environment, management attitudes, net income packages and all other factors affecting motivation and work of an employee. Because of the increase in production and industrial facilitates in china there is much to explore about the similarities of studies that conducted in the western countries in relation to China.Gender Chinese people have much egalitarian attitude towards women in the work place compared to European countries and America. After the cultural revolution both men and women are expected to play equal roles in work and society. Since China is a more communistic approach there are limitations to change employment. That means in China situations are not easy for workers compared to Europe. There is more social anchoring in China. As a result of this egalitarian and communistic society there is limited skill transferability, increased commitment to work, dismantleed educational and technical skills opportunity and sufficiency.Age and TenureIn studies concentrated on the United States revealed that age and the member of years service in a particular company can influence the organizational commitment. As one person gets older the relocation tendencies get reduced and while personal investment and attachment to the organization gets increased. So the more tenure one employ ee has with his organization the more will be his organizational commitment to the company. In China age would cause press down number of work alternative, more anchoring in community, low attractive for re location, low educational skills development and transferability, and therefore continuance commitment would be more.educational Researchers have found that people with higher education would have more commitment. It is found that workers having high levels of qualifications may have higher expectations and they are more committed to their occupation at the same time they have more scope to choose other jobs and they can easily relocate compared to employees with lower qualification their continence commitment may be low. Chinese determine education highly, In a traditionalistic communistic society each person contribute in accordance with their skills and qualities. Higher levels of education also reflect in greater degrees of behavioural commitment as well. In modern Chinese society there is greater mobility and opportunities to move around in private sectors.Situational Factors Situational factors are the second major component of organizational commitment These factors include components that attached to the work and employees experiences and specific features of their organization.There are many organizational characteristics that can positively influence commitment. For example the more better an organization can present the achievement of its goals and objectives the degrees of commitment it can attract from its employees. The organizational effectiveness questionnaire will demonstrate the achievement of the objectives of an organization in the views of the employees and their anticipated commitment to the organization. I modern China as well a organization with good achievement and positive human relationship with employees have a relatively higher degree of employee commitment.Leadership BehavioursThose work experiences that occurring while wor king in an organization related with na role in decision making or collecting thinking can have an effect in organizational commitment. Leadership behaviour and participative decision making have an impact on organizational commitment.Leadership behaviour include behaviour connected with productivity, managerial aspects such as planning, co ordination, discipline, clarification and problem solving etc. It is expected that these types of behavioural ruler will be predictive of organizational commitment.Management practices and Organizational Commitment in Korean Culture.Korea share common oriental culture with its neighbouring states whilst maintaining its own identity. Their unique culture combined with the geo political environment of the Korea resulted in a specific management culture different from their counterparts in other countries.Since the mid-sixties Korean companies achieved a good deal of economic growth and their management style played a major role in this regard. Eve rybody connected to the organization owners, top executives, managers, supervisors and workers are all integral part of the sour and they al perform well their assigned duties. The unique feature here is performance. Regarding the external system of the organization the support from disposal is important. No organization can perform long term without suitable government policies. In Korea particularly the role of government is prominent and in return for this the government is expecting some favours from the industry. For economic growth the government and industry acts as auxiliary and complementary relationship.Efficient use of human resource is key to success. Korean people are peace loving by nature and hard working. Koreans hate bloodshed and violent demonstrations. There were some incidents of violence but compared to the rest of the world in Korea this type of incidents are rare. This is a feature of the Korean culture and many of their specific charcetiscs and Korean mana gement system and their culture are inte related. japan occupied Korea from 1910 to the end of world war II so some of the management systems of Japan also influence Koreans. The features of Korean management system also include consensus decision making, smell time employment, very strong loyalty and commitment to the employer, personalistic approach, male domination, unanimity etc are also can be seen in Nipponese management system.The hierarchical order of power within the organization are also sharing common characteristics with Japanese management style. In Japan a decision is not taken until every one agrees to the agenda, this is consensus in decision making according to Japanese culture. This is similar to Korean concept as well. For example a send proposal drafted by a lower division employee is circulated throughout the company hierarchy and reviewed and suggestions are included according to consensus. The company president affix his signature only after all this proce ss so that there is no room for ambiguity and the project proposal aims and objectives and advantages are clear to everyone and the document will be a legitimate one. To implement such a project will be very easy, the co-operation from all levels of employees are guaranteed and the proposal will be a success.The life style Koreans had practised was different from the rest of the world gutter the 1960s. Their geographic territory is surrounded by big powers like China, Russia and Japan. Because of this reason their military power was not developed because most of the times they were under the umbrella of China. There was no use to develop huge logistic systems for military activities which will help merchant also to flourish. So the business and trade were also not developed and the people depend on agriculture largely for lively hood. The business class did not have much interests in the country because there was no scope for them in a much agricultural society. But after 1960s Kor eans gained much improvements in their industrial and business sectors and the management style followed by Koreans also got much popularity. Japan on the other hand was a military power in the past as well so also they had relations with another countries than Korea.Organizational Commitment and Job Practices in JapanIn Japan the commitment to the organization is more because of Japanese culture and their willingness and dedication to work. Employees turn over figures shows that in America the turnover rate is almost double when compare Japanese workers. This because in Japan The commitment to the organization is more. An employees commitment is characterised by at least three factors. They are willingness to hard work, desire to remain with the organization, a strong belief and credence of the organizations goals and objectives. Because of these commitment in organization is more with Japanese workers their productivity is also very high compared to their U.S counterparts.In Japa nese culture education is highly valued. For getting a job in a reputed company in Japan the candidate must studied in top rated colleges and universities. This is the case with prestigious companies other candidates who did not able to secure admissions in top rated colleges usually satisfied with small and medium sized firms which cannot offer comparatively higher amounts of salary and other perquisites.Another prominent feature of Japanese management is permanent employment or life time employment. aeonian employment covers only minority of the total work force that work for big companies. Usually employees are recruited directly from campuses and after the probationary finish employees are not usually dismissed except on near misconduct. The candidates can continue in the company for their entire career. This is a specific feature found in Japanese companies but in Eorpoe or America this type of management practices is not general. Since most of the companies practising life time employment inter company mobility is not possible for professional managers because most of the roles are promoted by the company internally. So the selection of most knowing employees becomes critical.In Japanese system of management rather than individualism corporate behaviour and decision making and team spirit is important. Individual interests should he subjugated to group in order to maintain tem spirit. The concept of select circle used to enchance productivity and quality widely used in Japanese companies is an example of tem spirit oriented approach.Active Company Unions are also a prominent feature of Japan. Company union is different from trade union in this case the company is closely related with the union and company has much influence on the union. Company unions are independent and not affiliated with trade unions. The proposers of company unions are containing that they are mores closer to the employees in their problems and they are solving the problems k eeping in disposition of the companys profitability and at the same time protecting the employees interests as well. Where as trade union are more dangerous and influenced by politicians with vested interests down them. Strikes are usually rare. Every employee of the company have to join the company union. In some countries for example in the United States company unions are outlawed by the government. Opponents of company unions are in opinion that company unions are actually a shield against trade unions while they claim that they are protecting the employees interests they actually standing for the company first so the genuine interests of employees may be ignored.Managerial Style in Japanese companies give much importance for the bottom level. Every levels of management is undefended to suggestions from their subordinates. Middle level management collects and evaluates feed back from lower levels and pass it on to the top management. Managers are getting their hands dirty to understand the trouble with working in low levels and acquire the skills and problem solving capacities. Informations are always passing from top level management to lower levels and vise versa. So that every one in the company is keep updating with what is happening with the company at all times. It is key to the company for maintaining commitment and motivation among the employees and attaining higher productivi

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay presentmentDeinstitutionalization of kind hospitals came into play in 1970 in the United States the program aimed at treating psychogenicly retarded patients within the community itself kind of than maintaining and treating them at amiable hospitals. During these days, state genial hospitals were regarded as institutions that deprived the ment on the wholey trial patients their exemption to associate with family and community members within the society. For instance, the United States Congress approved the confederacy Mental Health Centers Act that facilitated deinstitutionalization, thus getting out the mentally sneezy persons from confinements of the custodial institutions into deliberate medication at the community mental wellness institutions.Despite the perceived good of deinstitutionalization by the policy makers in the United States and the world over, the move has brought about more sophisticated prob lems. In essence the whole program has failed to achieve its objectives and has led to mentally dizzy individual suffering in the boulevards and dungeons, as well as in the shelter homes, and beggars homes, (Sheth 12). To be true enough, the policy of deinstitutionalization has failed completely. New Freedom instruction on Mental Health analyzed the American public mental wellness and confirmed that it is in a terrible state. This paper is aimed at discussing the impacts of deinstitutionalization for the live on 35 years on illegal nicety, advantages and disadvantages of deinstitutionalization and how mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systems.DiscussionAs at the present, it is estimated that more than 4.5 million Americans atomic procedure 18 suffering from severe mental illnesses. The entire number of persons that do non receive medication out of the 4.5 millions is near 40%. This has increased rooflessness, violence, and incarceration. Since the onset of deinstitutionalization policy, almost one third of homeless persons in the US suffer from severe mental retardation. In addendum in Oklahoma, researchers fill established that thither is a correlation existing between the increasing number of suicidal and the decreasing state of mental health centers.Ted Strickland, a US congressman testified that, thousands of mentally ill persons argon being taken out of hospitals and dumped in communities where there ar no adequate mental health services that can non receive and take trouble of them. The idea of deinstitutionalization has culminated into trans-institutionalization, whereby large numbers of mentally ill individuals find themselves in prisons, jails, and homeless shelters, (Sheth 15). For instance, the recent studies lose shown that more than 40% of Beggars Home inmates are mentally ill.The policy of deinstitutionalization is a recipe of the evil that is done to the mentally ill persons in the US. The defenseless and helpless mentally ill community roam and beg on streets, roadside, footpaths, and are to a fault seen starving in streets, eating from garbage bins and take refuge in shelter homes. In addition the society jeers at them, verbally, physically and sexually abuse them. form _or_ system of government makers who came up with this particular policy, wanted to clean and beautiful mental hospitals without fetching into consideration that the streets and different social places go away be messed up. new studies have established that there are more mentally sick nation in prisons and jails compared to those ones that are hospitalized. Around 9,000 people released from New York jails and prisons on yearly basis have psychiatric disabilities without lodgment or support services. It has likewise been strand out that 40 to 50% of community mental health system clients have a history of criminal arrest. Furthermore there is a direct link between closure of mental hospitals and mushroomi ng of refreshed prisons and jails. With regard to the US segment of Justice, when 40 mental hospitals were closed in the past ten years, 400 new prisons were opened up.The right enforcement department is now tasked with confronting and solving the communitys problems resulting from deinstitutionalization. For instance, studies show that, more than 70% of mentally ill individual should be sent to jail for their own safety and well-being. Recent research depict that rates of arrest of mentally ill persons is high compared to that of normal people, (Sheth 17). This is because much(prenominal) individuals are arrested on charges like disturbing public security and criminal trespass. In the first place, incarceration was thought to be the lift out remedy with regard to vast problems faced on the streets the realisticity is that sensory a chronically mentally ill person and taking him or her into custody and forcefully imposing criminal arbitrator, denies legal expert to all co ncerned.Of all the mentally ill persons arrested only 12% are arrested for charges that significantly apologise for incarceration. Moreover, 54% of mentally ill arrestees are always found to be incompetent and hence can not stand trials. Arresting mentally ill persons in essence does not solve the problem or enforce criminal justice but rather intensifies management and monetary problems for detention facilities. These kinds of arrests only fill criminal court calendar rather than solving the problem.The moment of arresting mentally ill individuals, the criminal justice enforcement funds are shifted to mental health area to cater for the arrestee, with law and justice enforcement agencies instead of state hospitals playing their fundamental duty of housing and treating the mentally ill. In fact at the detention levels surveys have found out that between 50% and 60% of the inmate population are mentally ill with successful suicide rate 75% higher(prenominal) that of the general pop ulation.Advantages of DeinstitutionalizationTreatment of outpatient clinics is less expensive and effective as compared to interposition in highly sophisticated mental hospitals that require boarding fees in addition to medical fees. Consequently, the patients will have freedom of community establish treatment as compared to in-patient hospitals.Disadvantages of deinstitutionalizationDeinstitutionalization has broadly contributed to homelessness, as people released from in-patient facilities have no place to go. Furthermore, it has in like manner led to a revolving door part, where chronically mentally ill persons are periodically hospitalized, released and in the end hospitalized.How mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systemsWith regard to criminal justice to mentally ill individuals, a proactive and conscious approach is a base requirement and several elements are significant in implementing such an approach. Studies have shown and suggested that law enf orcement police officers have higher chances of arresting a mentally ill person than it is to a normal person. In relation to this, officers in criminal justice department should undergo or receive extensive study with regard to handling cases of such kind. The preparedness should not only countenance for identifying mental illness symptoms but also provide communication skills and acquaintance that the officer can use to communicate with and handle the psychiatric patient. The training should also be designed in a manner that does not compromise the humane treatment or concern for the officers safety.Criminal justice department especially the law enforcement agencies should collaborate and negotiate with medical institutions to do it up with policies and mental illness cases procedures, implementing no-decline agreements that would importantly increase the choices of the criminal justice system. For better service delivery by law enforcement officers, the psychiatric com muni ty should in all be involved by putting aside their mutual stereotypes and antagonism.It is also necessary for the law enforcement officer to have adequate information on statutory guidelines in relation to law enforcement that initiates involuntary psychiatric commitment. They should also understand that mental illness symptoms should not be taken or considered criminal behavior to aid the arresting if the same behavior will be relied upon for civil petition for automatic hospitalization. The expertise in this sectionalization requires the law enforcement officer to undergo training that will eventually agree him with the appropriate procedures that meet the statutory designed standards.The law enforcement bodies can also commence innovative pre arrest diversion systems. For instance, the law enforcing officer in the field, who comes in contact with psychiatric offender, should have more options, instead of fashioning the arrest he can leave the crime scene other than providing the solution to the basic issues. The pre-arrest diversion program, which consists of mobile crisis unit involving mental health practitioners in corporation with law enforcement officers, would give the officer freedom of not making custody related decisions till new options with regard to the situation are reviewed, (Sheth 18). For this matter the non-violent offenders shall be handed over to crisis teams thus allowing officer to attend to other criminal related issues.ConclusionIn the last two to three decades there has been a rapid rise in numbers of the mentally ill persons released into the society. Deinstitutionalization has integrated itself into trans-institutionalization whereby a massive number of psychiatric patients have been transferred of shifted from state owned hospitals to streets, beggars homes, prisons and jails. The civil libertarians have eventually changed into criminal justice system. Most, law enforcement officers consider mental illness symptoms to be elem ents of crime. For this situation to change, law enforcement agencies should shun from being inundated by such social problems, in addition a proactive response linking the societys resources to the real and actual area of need is essential.Work CitedSheth, Hitesh. Deinstitutionalization or Disowning Responsibility. outside(a) Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 13.2 (2009) 11-20.

Nitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate

Nitration of phenylacetamide and methyl radical BenzoateNitration of Acetanilide and Methyl Benzoate by Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution come upThe purpose of this experiment was to synthesize methyl radical nitro benzoate from methyl benzoate, as advantageously as nitro acetanilid from concentrated nitric venereal disease (HNO3), and concentrated sulfuric sulphurous (H2SO4) by utilise an electrophilic evocative substitution chemical response. The HNO3 and H2SO4 were combined to form a nitrating solution, which was added to a mixture of methyl benzoate and H2SO4, and the same was done with acetanilide. Fol mortifieding recrystallization, thawing head teacher was used to identify and characterize the ware of the reply. The thaw depute in time was dictated to be 74 C-80 C for methyl nitro benzoate and for nitroacetanilide it was 195 C-cc C, which indicates meta-regiochemistry for methyl benzoate and para-regiochemistry for nitroacetanilide. The portion flag of this reaction for the recrystallized product was 59.3% of methyl nitrobenzoate, period it was 6.75% for nitroacetanilide.Figure 1 The reaction for the nitration of acetanilide.Figure 2 The reaction for the nitration of methyl benzoate.Experimental tough sulfuric bliste make noise (0.6 mL) and concentrated nitric acid (0.5 mL) were added to a reaction flask and placed in an ice bath. Concentrated sulfuric acid (1 mL) was added to methyl benzoate (0.5 g) in a vial which was then packed in ice, and the same was done with acetanilide. While stirring, the cold H2SO4/HNO3 mixture was added drop-by-drop. After the acid mixture was added, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice to warm to get on temperature, with stirring. It was then transferred by Pasteur pipet into a beaker and stirred for five minutes. The methyl benzoate nitration organise clean solid, and the acetanilide nitration for a light yellow solid. The crystals were the inanity filtered with a Buchner funnel. The crude product was recrystallized by adding a distilled water and ethanol slowly while heating the product. While cooling, the solution produced large white crystals for methyl benzoate nitration and light yellow crystals for the acetanilide nitration. The mass, thawing point share yield were obtained.Results and DiscussionThrough the use of electrophilic aromatic substitution, acetanilide is nitrated to nitroacetanilide, while methyl benzoate was nitrated to methyl nitrobezonate. The first step of the reaction involved in the donation of an electron pair, which generates the nitronium ion from nitric acid by protonation and loss of water, using sulphuric acid as the dehydrating agent. The mechanics for methyl benzoate locoweed be seen below.Figure 3 The mechanism of the nitration of methyl benzoate to methyl nitrobenzoate.To prevent acetanilide from dinitrating, the nitrating solution of HNO3 and H2SO4 were added drop by drop to the acetanilide solution, so that the ingress of the ni trating agent is kept at minimum. The cooler temperatures were used to reduce the reaction rate and help to avoid over nitration.The electrophilic aromatic substitutions involved the successor of a proton on an aromatic ring with an electrophile that becomes substituent. The sulfuric acid protonates the methyl benzoate, which creates the resonance stabilized arenium ion intermediate.3 The electron deficient nitronium ion reacts with the protonated intermediate meta get. The ester congregation is the meta deactivator and the reaction takes place at the meta position because the ortho and para positions are destabilized by near validatings charges on the resonance structure.2 The major product of the methyl benzoate nitration is the meta product payable to carboxyl and nitro groups both being powerful electron withdrawing groups.Table 1 The weight, melting point, and percentage yield of both Nitroactenilide and Methyl Nitrobenzoate.Product call offCrude Weight (g)Product Weigh t (g)Percent Yield (%) dissolve Point (C)Literature Melting Point (C)Nitroactenilide0.5850.0456.75%195-200214-217Methyl Nitrobenzoate0.560.3259.3%74-8078-80The actual yield of methyl nitrobenzoate is 0.32 g while the theoretical yield is 0.54 g. The melting point is 74C 80C, and the esteem is closed to the literature value which is 78C 80 C. The percent yield for the methyl benzoate electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction was 59.3% with 0.32g of methyl nitrobenzoate formed. The percent yield for the reaction with acetanilide was 6.75% with 0.045g of nitroacetanilide formed, which can be seen in table 1. The melting point sight was 195-200 C, which can be accounted for impurities in the product, which can be seen below in table 1. Some impurities might be Ortho and Meta directing substances, as advantageously as there could contain been some experimental errors that occurred during the experiment such(prenominal) as not overheating solutions during the reactions. These low yields may have resulted from pitiful recrystallization, product lost during transfer from one apparatus to another, or forgiving error. The missing percent accounts for the impurities removed during recrystallization. However, some product must have been lost in the acetanilide reaction recrystallization because of such a low percent yield.The melting point of the final product was 74-80 C suggesting that it was formed by meta-substitution. The literature melting point for meta-methyl nitrobenzoate is 78-80 C. Therefore, the melting point is demean than it should be suggesting that an slag is in the product. This impurity may have occurred due(p) to poor recrystallization or it may have been picked up after recrystallization. The melting point of the nitroacetanilide product was 195-200 C suggesting the para-regiochemistry. The literature melting point for the p-nitroacetanilide is 214-217 C. Therefore, the melting point of the product is a little lower than the literature va lue, suggesting that an impurity exists in the product from poor recrystallization of contact with an impurity during recrystallization.The methyl nitrobenzoate product was determined to be meta-substituted based on its melting point range. This can also be proved by evaluating the attack of the benzol ring of methyl benzoate on the electrophililic species and nitric acid.4 The C-OCH3 substituent is a meta-deactivator. Therefore, when the benzene ring attacks the nitronium ion, the NO3+ group will add meta-positon. This creates a resonance stabilized arenium ion without a positive charge on the carbon with the C-OCH3 substituent. Then the proton is removed from the meta position by the weak base, the HSO4-, formed in the creation of the nitronium ion, which reforms the sulfuric acid catalyst.3 at once the proton is removed the substitution product, methyl nitrobenzoate remains.The nitroacetanilide product was formed by a para-substitution. This can be determined by examining the m elting point and study it to the literature values for each position.4 However, this can also be determined when examining the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of acetanilide on the electrophile, nitric acid. The NHCOCH3 substituent is an ortho-para-activator. Therefore, when the benzene ring of acetanilide attacks the nitronium ion, it can add ortho or para. The para substitution, if more(prenominal) stable than an ortho substitution, will be added because the para position is a save distance from the position of the NHCOCH3 substituent. Therefore, the benzene ring adds at the para position based on the melting point and resonance in the mechanism shown above.ConclusionThe methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide were prepared. The percentage yield is 6.75% for nitroacetanilide and 59.3% for methyl nitrobenzoate. The melting point of the products are 74C 80C and 195C 200C. From the given physical constant, the literature melting point of methyl m-nitrobenzoate is 78 80C and 214C 217C for nitroacetailide, so it can be concluded that the products were methyl m-nitrobenzoate and p-nitroacetanilide.ReferencesWade, Jr., L.G. Organic Chemistry 2003, 722-741.Chemistry Laboratory manual of arms Susquehanna University 2014, 242-244 250ChemFinder.Com. Cambridge Soft Corporation. .Anerjee, Dhruv K. Ortho and Par % of Key Reaction. Utkarschemistry. 2013. cecal appendage A Finding the narrowing ReagentGrams X 1 bulwark / molecular weight = moles of reactantNitric acrimonious0.6 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 98.08 g/mol = 0.0061 molNitric Acid0.5 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 63.01 g/mol = 0.0079 molMethyl Benzoate(0.55 g X 1 mol) / 181.14 g/mol = 0.030 mol accessory B Calculating Theoretical Yield of Methyl NitrobenzoateMoles of limiting reagent X molar ratio X molecular weight of product) / 1 mol = theoretical yield(0.030 X 181.13) / 1 mol = 0.54 gAppendix C Calculating Percent Yield(Actual / theoretical) X 100% = percent yield(0.32 g/ 0.54 g) X 10 0% = 59.3%

Practice Requirements for Children with Disabilities

Practice Requirements for Children with DisabilitiesFormal Assessment OneOUTLINE the sanctioned and regulatory emergencys in place for barbarianren with disabilities or specific requirements.Fol unhopefuling the par Act 2010 and the Special educational Needs (SEN) Code of Practice (2001)all establishments including those delivering cultivation comport a statutory duty to promote come that set the exclusive demand of kidren and promotes equality and inclusion. This believes that where possible churlren with SEN should be taught in mainstream shallows or early education settings.All children with SEN occupys must be treated where possible the same as another(prenominal) children. Educational establishments turn over a bun in the oven to ensure they shake clear SEN policies in place and these withdraw to be reviewed regularly. Children with SEN need to be offered full vex to a broad, balanced and entrance curriculum at all full points.The g everywherening body or focussing group argon trustworthy for establishing appropriate staveing levels and funding ar windments to ensure at that place are enough resources both human and physical to be adequate to adhere to the policy.All staff need to be aware of the individual ineluctably of educatees and systems need to be set up to ensure the extremely of information from one inculcate phase to another. They should be involved in the development of policies and be aware of procedures for identifying, assessing and making provision for children with SEN.The Code of practice recognises the importance of the role of rises and the child and both need to be include in the discussions for any patronise that is indispens adequate to(p) and the development of targets for learn.It is a requirement that Individual Education Plans (IEP) are drawn up to admirer signal the delivery of special education support and operate and to identify supernumerary or contrastive interventions necessary from the exist curriculum to enable the child to progress. Suitable learning challenges should always be set so that children slangt give way disillusioned and opt out of education. Where possible the targets should be in the childs own words or symbols.IEPs need to be reviewed at least twice a affectionate associate preferably termly and registrations made in light of the childs progress. The parents and child must always be included and present at reviews and annual reviews should include all appropriate staff and support agencies including the next educational provider when a child is moving from one educational stage to another. Children need to be listened to and their views valued. They need to be able to express their odourings, go into in discussions and indicate their choices including when changing aims.To assist schools foreign support services should be utilise to support the school, family and individual child. shallows need to roleplay in partnership with LEA and the providers of their services as children with SEN are more believably to befuddle health issues including mental health problems. Consultation is necessary as health issues whitethornbe contributing to difficulties in school and with their ability to learn. umteen schools have put in place a SENCO who is responsible for observe the use of the policies in place and for coordinating the provision for children with SEN. They are responsible for the mingled action plans such as School Action and School Action PlusEXPLAIN why it is of import to work inclusively with children with disabilities or specific requirementsThe implementation of inclusion promotes positive awareness and greater social checking of all children and staff in an educational setting. It as well as provides opportunities for friendships in the midst of all children and develops comfortable interaction with those with disabilities. In a middle school I taught in there was a centre for children with disa bilities. However for many another(prenominal) lessons, breaks, lunchtimes and school staggers all children were unitedly. This enabled children to support each other and assist those with disabilities to marriage in the wider curriculum and to feel accepted in the school association.cellular inclusion help oneselfs avoid the segregation of children with SEN and encourages children to note each other and learn to understand those with diverse characteristics. It as well as encourages respect for children of all background and abilities. Being educated together builds confidence and enables those with SEN to become more positive and assertive as well as develops communication skills.Inclusion does not simply mean the placement of students with disabilities in general education classes( comprehensive Schools Network page 1)It is necessary for the school to make fundamental changes in the way the school community supports and addresses the individual needs of all children. Thi s will benefit all children and enable them to flourish. Following the united Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities means that educational establishments must encourage respect for children with SEN. They must also permit equal access to the curriculum and adapt school for children with disabilities. This is from the physical side such as providing access for wheelchairs and children with other physical disabilities, as well as providing excess support including writers, readers, use of sign language to help with their learning and assessments.Teachers and staff need to be able to adapt lessons to accommodate the wide range of learning styles in their classes e.g. visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. Use of computers, braille, different colour papers, various size fonts will assist the different needs of children. This will help all children to access the curriculum and encourage a positive and raise learning purlieu. As a teacher I have worn-out(a) many h ours formulation differentiated lessons that take into account the classs varying needs. I have put work on different colour paper according to what has been identified for a child, for practice session icteric or green. I have made use of the interactive etiolate board to allow children to hear and memorize as well as come up and use the interactive pen to enhance their spirit of a concept. Individual learning mats are also helpful as the child has the information at their desk and does not need to keep lay up their hand or feel embarrassed to ask questions. comprehensive education creates a validating environment for all, from providing academic support to behavioral support. on that point is a need for consistency end-to-end the school community. If the children with SEN feel part of the school they and their families will feel valued for who they are.By evolution inclusion in education, hopefully children will grow up to respect those with different needs and s outst rip prejudices and stereotypes in wider society. Children are being wide-awake for their future adult life in the community, it is important to remember that immediatelys classmates are tomorrows employers. (Heartland Equity and Inclusion visit n.d. )EVALUATE the benefits of working in partnership with parents and other professionalsIt is vital to work with parents as they have day to day knowledge of their child and over the course of studys will have found ways of dealing with their needs. Parents see the child with their own needs and characteristics. Sometimes this whitethorn be forgotten in an educational setting where there are many other children to be looked after and educated. There is also an emotional attachment between parents and their child and this needs to be respected by staff in particular if there is conflict in opinions and what is deemed to be best for the child. Some parents may have different viewpoints and opinions to that of practitioners. These will n eed to be discussed professionally and hopefully get an agreement.When I have discussed issues with parents they are normally very supportive particularly if you can explain how it will benefit their child. I have normally managed to come up with suggestions that promote a positive outcome. Parents often just need guidance particularly if they are worried to the highest degree how their child is progressing in the classroom. With modern technology it is often easy to supply parents new apps or websites that can help them support their child at home. At one parents evening I had my IPad and was able to show a parent maths activities to help develop basic maths skills. The parent was delighted as they had not thought of using the IPad in that way.Depending on the disability of the child will also influence what support faculty be needed by parents. I was involved in planning a year 7 school trip to York. All pupils were going. There was one pupil who was in a wheelchair. They were able to come with because I asked the mother if she would like to join us. She said she would and then I was able to plan the best thing for the pupil. It necessitated her being in different allowance as the hostel couldnt cope with her sleeping arrangements. But the sopor of the trip was fine. She had a great time and all children helped support her during the trip and whilst visiting the different sites.It must also be remembered when working with parents that they may have their own disabilities. They need to be respected and help from external agencies may be necessary to help parents attend meetings and other school events.Depending on a childs needs may suss out what outside agencies are needed to provide support for the child and the school. For precedent speech and language therapists, health visitors and social workers or GPs and paediatricians. The child can only learn if all their needs are taken into account. Schools and other educational setting may not have the ex pertise needed therefore outside agencies must be used as a support for the school as well as the child and their family.Educational settings are there primarily to provide learning and knowledge and the better use of outside expertise the easier it will be for the child to access learning whilst coping with their problems. In one school I taught in a Chinese child joined. He was not able to speak or understand any English. The school provided a translator who came into classes and helped support him for a term. By the end of the academic year he was able to communicate with staff and pupils and had made very neat progress academically.DESCRIBE how practitioners can adapt their existing practice to support children with disabilities or specific requirements.There are many different areas where adaptation needs to be made to existing practice. This is why there needs to be a whole school approach.Firstly the learning environment to allow the child to move around safely. From putting in ramps and stride lifts to repositioning furniture in classrooms to cope with the disability of the child. The timetable of a class may need to be altered so that the lessons are in a downstairs room rather than upstairs.The commandment resources and materials will also need to be adapted according to the needs of the individual. Worksheets may need to be changed or provided for those with learning disabilities like dyslexia. Pictures and diagrams may need to be used rather than just the written word. Vocabulary sheets can also be provided to assist with understanding. I taught one group of pupils with very low ability in maths and I printed off large posters with pictures to help them understand and for them to be able to see the information all the time. For example months of the year, times of the day. This also helped them to learn to spell important words.I have also taught a pupil with very poor eye spate in PE. I had a ball that had a bell in it to allow her to hear it and other children helped her in small game situations. I also used larger and colourful balls when teaching throwing and catching skills. When teaching deaf children it is necessary to consider where to position the child and the teacher throughout the lesson. I have worn an audio box to allow the child to pick up what I am saying.Providing extra support is important as well as adapting activities. A child may need help with personal care for example getting changed for PE or swimming. Depending on the lesson will determine what support or adaptation is needed.I have included lots of group work to help children who have no confidence in maths to support each other. The children then tangle witht feel that they are stupid. I have taught a pupil with dyscalculia and he needed more one-to-one support that group work.I have also taught a child who needed support in maths only when I was doing work that needed graphs drawing or the use of compasses and protractors. The rest of the time he was fine and near the top of the class. He also needed support when it was assessment time as he lacked confidence in himself. Many children with disabilities are the same.The emotional needs of a child is also important so it may be necessary to adapt how to deal with behavioural issues that come up. The child may just need some time out or somewhere to go if they cant cope in the classroom setting.Adapting existing practice is challenging and the advantage of inclusion is that when all children are taught together differentiation often helps all children. Those with disabilities or specific learning requirements become part of the group and with extra support in the classroom are easier to help.Reference ListInclusive Schools Network, Together We Learn Better Inclusive Schools Benefit All Children.www.inclusiveschools.org Sponsored by Stetson and Associates, Inc. Houston, TX (n.d)(accessed 04 June 2014)Heartland Equity and Inclusion Project, wherefore Is Inclusion Important?H eartland Community College (N.D.) www.heartland.edu/help/inclusion/importance.jsp(accessed 03 June 2014)Special Educational Needs Code of Practice November 2001Ref DfES/581/2001http//media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/s/special%20educational20needs%20code%20of20practice.pdfUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006http//www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtmlCox, P.R. Dykes, M.K. Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments, in Teaching Exceptional Children July/August 2001www.pathstoliteracy.org(accessed 30 May 2014)

Womens History :: Essays Papers

Womens HistoryAmelia b integrityrAmelia Bloomer was born in Cortland County, New York, in 1818. She received an education in schools of the State and became a teacher in public schools, then as a private tutor. She married in 1840 to dexter C. Bloomer, of Seneca Falls, New York. Dexter C. Bloomer was editor of a county news writing, and Mrs. Bloomer began to write for the report. She was one of the editors of the pissing Bucket, a temperance paper published during Washingtonian revival. Mr. Bloomer lived in Seneca Falls in 1848, but did not participate in the Womens Rights Convention. In 1849, Bloomer began work with a monthly temperance paper called The Lily. It was devoted to womens rights and interests, as it became a place for women advocates to express their opinions. The paper initiated a widespread change in womens dress. The long, heavy skirts were replaced with shorter skirts and knee-high trousers or undergarments. Bloomers name soon became associated with to this new dr ess, and the trousers became know as Bloomers. She continued to new dress and continued advocating for womens rights in her paper. In 1854, Mrs. Bloomer began giving numerous speeches and continued to fight for have-to doe with justice for women. Carrie S. Burnham Carrie S. Burnham believed that she had the right to vote and attempted to vote on October 10, 1871. When she move to vote, her ballot was rejected. She took her argument to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in April 1873. Burhnam apprehension that It is not simply whether I shall be protected in the bring of my inalienable right and duty of self-government, but whether a government, the mere instrument of people,...can deny to any portion of its intelligent, adult citizen participation therein and stable hold them amenable to its laws. Burnham petitioned the Court of Common Pleas for the right to vote. She argued that she met the legal explanation of the words freemen and citizen. The court disagreed, though. Justi ce Sharswood maintained that citizenship did not entitle one to have rights, and that although women were citizens, it did not entitle them to legally vote.Anna Ella Carroll (1815 - 1893) Anna Ella Carroll was born on alarming 29, 1815, near Pocomoke City, Maryland. When the Civil War started, she lived in Washington D.C., and wrote numerous letter, pamphlets, and articles in support of the Union. She published The

Reproduction :: essays research papers

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMThe ability to breed is one of the unifying characteristics of all living things. Sexual reproduction produces result that atomic number 18 genetically different from their parents. A inner reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to their parent. Asexual reproductionFission, budding, fragmentation, and the castation of rhizomes and stolons are some of the mechanisms that drop by the wayside organisms to reproduce asexually. The hydra produces buds starfish can regenerate an entire bole from a fragment of the original body. Asexual reproduction allows an organism to quick produce many offspring without the time and resources committed to courtship, finding a mate, and mating. The lack of genetic variability in asexually reproducing populations can be detrimental when environmental conditions change quickly.Sexual ReproductionIn sexual reproduction natural individuals are produced by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. Sperm are male gametes, ova are feminine gametes. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically distinct from from each one other dressing is the fusion of two such distinctive cells that produces a unique new combination of alleles, thus increasing variation on which natural natural selection can operate. Rotifers will reproduce asexually when conditions are favorable by having females produce eggs by mitosis. When conditions deteriorate, rotifers will reproduce sexually and inclose their zygotes inside a resistant shell. Once conditions improve, these eggs hatch into diploid individuals. Rotifers thus use sexual reproduction as way to go far a deteriorating environment.Sexual reproduction offers the benefit of generating genetic variation among offspring, which enhances the chances of the populations survival. be of this process include the need for two individuals to mate, courtship rituals, as intumesce as a number of basic mechanisms described later. Human Reproduction a nd DevelopmentHuman reproduction employs internal fertilization, and depends on the integrated serve of hormones, the nervous system, and the reproductive system. Gonads are sex organs that produce gametes. male gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and male sex hormones. Female gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and female sex hormones. The Male Reproductive arrangementTestes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity by the scrotum, a pouch of skin that keeps the testes close or far from the body at an optimal temperature for sperm development. Seminiferous tubules are inside each testis, and are where sperm are produced by meiosis. About 250 meters (850 feet) of tubules are packed into each testis. Spermatocytes inside the tubules divide by meiosis to produce spermatids that in circle develop into mature sperm.

The Catcher In The Rye Essay By Jason So :: essays research papers fc

A Phony FamilyEach and every(prenominal) action the children performed in school and in any place is a reflection of the quality of life they aim in their own homes. P atomic number 18nts have a responsibility of taking c ar of their children and parents have the influence and adjoin that creates the primary personality of an individual. This influence can mold a certain(a) individual into a responsible citizen or a rebellious broken-down as perceived in J.D. Salingers "The Catcher in the Rye".The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, interacts with some(prenominal) people throughout novel, but probably none have as much impact on him as certain members of his immediate family. The ship canal Holden acts around or reacts to the various members of his family give the reader a compute view of Holdens philosophy surrounding each member and would likely explain his actions in the story. Holden makes reference to the word " bogus" forty-four separate clock throughout the novel (Corbett, 1997). Each time he seems to be referring to the effect of this metaphor as -- someone who discriminates against others, is a hypocrite about something, or has manifestations of conformity (Corbett, 1997). Throughout "The Catcher in the Rye", Holden describes and interacts with various members of his family. The expressive style he talks about or to each gives you some approximation of whether he thinks they are "phony" or normal. From the very first page of the novel, Holden begins to refer to his parents as distant and generalizes both his father and mother frequently throughout his chronicle. Holdens father is a lawyer and therefore he considers him "phony" because he views his fathers occupation unswervingly as a par entirelyel of his fathers personality. "Lawyers are all right, I guess - but it doesnt appeal to me, I said. I symbolise theyre all right if they go around saving innocent guys lives all the time, and like that, but you dont do that kind of stuff if youre a lawyer. wholly you do is make a lot of dough and play golf game and play bridge and buy cars and drink Martinis and look like a hot-shot. How would you know you werent being a phony? The trouble is, you wouldnt" (Salinger, 1945). When Holden describes his mom, he perpetually seems to do so with a sense of compassion yet similarly with a jeering tone. Holden makes his mom sound predictable and insincere. These phony qualities are shown in two different examples when Holden is hiding in the closet of D.

Cultural Assessment of the U.S. Navy Essay -- essays research papers

representation Statement     The US naval forces has founded its self with being an organization that bequeath train and activate skilled combat naval personnel. The official armorial bearing statement taken off their web site states, The rush of the navy blue is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring incursion and maintaining immunity of the seas. (http//www.navy.com) The Navy also prides itself on the adventurous spirit up it takes to enroll on a career in the navy. The slogan used in getting new recruits is Accelerate your life. These statements suggest that the Navy is non only clear in its purpose and design, but also consecrate to its end. The clarity of its mission is seen in the extensive training that recruits receive in boot camp and the mental boil down directed by their superiors to focus on the mission statement. In recruitment, the Navy seeks young men and women, much bogged down with school and jobs that to an eighteen or nineteen year erstwhile(a) seems to be boring and slow paced. Work Environment     The navy workspace is around commonly out on the sea, on a ship, or in a submarine. Part of the Navys mission is to maintain freedom of the seas, thus the sea is their workplace. The design of many of these vessels does not allow for abominable amounts of space or access to the outside world. A ship in the middle of the ocean is constricting of a persons mobility. gum olibanum the ideal is to function as a crew and to work as a unit in order to accomplish the goal. The tight canton emphasize connecting with your fellow shipmates.Use of Slogans     "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of All Who scupper It" is currently the slogan for the United States Navy. The slogan was meant to express the Navys core mission of projecting power globally to protect and defend America. In addition, it has constrain a focus of purpo se, pride and loyalty about standing up for your country and what it represents. Past slogans intended to capture the real meaning and spirit of the Navy were "Sailors Have More Fun," "Go Navy," "Fly Navy," "Join the Navy and see the World," "You and the Navy, Full Speed Ahead, Its Not just a job. Its an Adventure" and "Accelerate Your Life." (Life, Liberty, 2004). Techniques and ... ...p    Retrieved phratry 11, 2004 from      http//www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,080204_Navy,00.html?ESRC=vyNavy (n.d.). Secure Your Future Family hostage Retrieved family line 9, 2004, from     http//www.navy.com/secureyourfuture/familysecurity Official blue angels site. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2004 from      http//www.blueangels.navy.mil/flashindex.html Phillpot, T. (2004) Military Update. Star and bandingRetrieved September 9, 2004, from http//www.stripes.com/ article.asp?section=104&article=24305Shalikashvili, J.M. (n.d.). Shape, Respond, Prepare Now -- A Military Strategy for a New Era. National Military Strategy. Retrieved September 14, 2004, from http//www.dtic.mil/jcs/nms/index.htmlTopStatus of the Navy. (2004, September). The US Navy Around the World, Around the      Clock. Retrieved September 10, 2004 from http//www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/      news/.www/status.htmlStevens, P. (2001). Give them a sense of pride, and theyll stay. Proceedings. United States Naval Institute, 127(7), 112.

the count of mountie cristo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Cristo     I want to begin by introducing you to this grand book written by Alexandre Dumas. This novel was published by the Penguin root word in 2001. It was a story full of lie with, adventure and betrayal. It began as a sweet romance . Then a third party began to offend his perverse intentions to feed off of the innocent . It was a envy , jealous, and deceit. after(prenominal) the sad and unfortunate body of this suspenseful thriller there was a turn of events in the story. A great success for our Edmond and his only true love .      The main character Edmond Dantes wore many hats in this epic piece. He was a sailor ,a lover ,a friend ,a captain, and a prisoner. After the tragic termination of the captain he is honored and promoted to being the new captain . When they counterpunch he is regretfully convicted of treason and put into prison for 13 days .He copes with having it all then losing it all by way of the b etrayal of a close friend and fellow sailor. .His faith brings him through this troubled wedge into a glorious rainbow of blessing that ends this novel with a warm relish of justice .     Edmond Dantes left his beautiful girlfriend Mercedes to board a lode ship with his trusted and treasured friend . While they are in the foreign island of Elba as the captain was dieing he agreed to deliver a letter for Napoleon , which later finds its way back to haunt him. delinquent to the fact that his friend was jealous of his new position and beautiful wife and began to sabotage his career . He is convicted of treason when it is brought to the attention of Frances government that he had been collaborating with the foreign emperorNapoleon. He spent thirteen years in prison along side of a priest who in rally for helping him dig a tunnel for their escape he would get wind Edmond how to read and write .He also taught him how to be a masterful swordsmen . shortly after the priest passed after a seizure and Edmond Dantes was left to sleep together the escape alone , but not as planned . He escaped switching places with the priests body and after being drug pop out in a body bag and thrown into the icy waters of the bay ,he visited the island of Monte

Animal Testing :: Animal Testing

Is it right to take the life of an innocent creature? Animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, excruciate with drugs, pois championd with toxic chemics, and tormented in psychological examinationing. They do all these test just to make money or find if a chemical is safe for humans. Is this right? Lab experimentation involving zoologys is inhumane. Animal examen is brutish because an animal s life is just as alpha as a human s life, people argon exploiting animals, and animal testing doesnt t show whether or not a crossroad is safe for humans. In laboratories around the world, scientists test a comp whatever s product on animals. Why do these companies test their products on animals? many another(prenominal) scientists would argue that it s more cost-efficient to test products on animals than on humans. Others say that they experiment on animals because animals are not as important as humans, which isnt necessarily true. Why should humans risk the demolition of animals for their own benefit? What makes a human s life any more valuable than any other creature s? all(prenominal) creature on earth has one life to live, a joint bond that all organisms share. Who is to say that one creature should have his one life taken away from him? This is different from eating another animal for survival purposes. Scientists do not need to test their products. People are exploiting lab animals because of their inability to communicate with humans. The prominent English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, when commenting on animal testing, is quoted as having said, The question is not can they reason? nor can they emit? but can they suffer? The answer to his question is yes. Historical culture from animal observations shows that animals do, in fact, suffer. Because of an animal s inability to communicate or reason, does that mean that humans have the right to decide their fate? testing a company s product on animals doesnt t mean that it will necessarily b e safe for humans. For example, the drugs Oraflex, Selacryn, Zomax, Meritol, and Suprol have produced look effects, even death, in humans.

Cosmology and the Bible Essays -- cosmology, universe

As 1 grows older, he begins to straits living and how the universe was made. Therefore, it is vital that he has a solid valetview. This worldview has its mental hospital in cosmology. Cosmology is defined as the branch of science have-to doe with with declension, structure, changes, and the final destiny of the universe. Therefore, the importance of origins/cosmology in a worldview is that it shapes how one sees the universe. Without perusal cosmology, one would not have a firm intromission for his worldview because he would not take how or why the universe was organise. by means of the study of cosmology, one is able to better understand how the universe was formed and how it will one day become. Therefore, cosmology affects a worldview because it sets a can for the perspective of the person because it explains how the world and living things came about. Thus, once someone determines the origin of the universe, he is able to build the rest of h is worldview around that one idea.In order for cosmology affect ones worldview, he mustiness first study it so that he is able to better understand it. This theory can be demonstrated in Spurgeons article, uranology As a Source of Illustration. Spurgeon opens his article with the statement, each assimilator for the Christian ministry ought to know at least something of every science, he should intermeddle with every form of knowledge that may be useful in his lifes work. divinity has made all things that are in the world to be our teachers (Spurgeon 404). This statement could not be more true. Through studying cosmology, students are able to understand more about the universe that God has created. Thus, learning more about God and building the foundation for their world... ...on event. However, it is authorised to keep in mind that the theory must be aline with the Bible.Works CitedMoffett, Rick. Reliability of the Bible. Kenosha Christian Life School, Kenosha. 2011.L ecture.Moffett, Rick. Worldviews-Biology/Geology. Kenosha Christian Life School, Kenosha. 2012.Lecture.The inner(a) Planet. Dir. Lad Allen. Perf. John Rhys-Davies. Illustra Media, 2005. Black Board. BlackBoard. Blackboard Inc, 2014. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.Ross, Hugh. Why the populace Is the Way It Is. Grand Rapids, MI Baker, 2008. Print.Schroeder, Gerald. Chapter 4 The Six Days of Genesis. The recognition of God The Convergenceof Scientific and Biblical Wisdom. New York Free, 2009. 60-61. Print. Spurgeon, C. H. Astronomy As a Source of Illustration. Lectures to My Students. Fearn, Ross-shire Christian Heritage, 1998. 404-409. Print.

Patriot Essay -- essays papers

Patriot gum benjamin Martin had seven children. His wife died while giving birth to his youngest daughter, Susan. The Martin family lived in confederation Carolina, where he built a small home on a farm. The Martins were well known and liked by both Patriots and Whigs alike. They tho hired freedmen. asa dulcis enjoyed making furniture his main goal was to maintain the perfect chair, the three-pound rocking chair. His plantation, Fresh Water Plantation, was his retirement plan. The Patriot begins in meet 1776, with a messenger from the Continental Mail Service delivering a muddle of letters to benzoin Martin. The most urgent letter was from the Speaker of the Assembly. Everyone who was obsolescent replete knew what this meant. Benjamins sons thought fight was glorious and were frenzied by the letter. Benjamin, who was a veteran of the French and Indian war, was not. He larn the hard way how gruesome war was, and didnt want to yield anything to do with it , nor his family. His oldest son Gabriel scared him the most. Gabriel wanted to join the war, and was old enough to do it. The note was an invitation to a meeting in Charles township where the colonies would ascertain whether theyd join the cause or not. Benjamin and family left for Charles Town to stay with their aunt Charlotte on their mothers side. Benjamin and Charlotte had a spark between them, but Benjamin was not yet oer his wife. At the meeting, an argument over why the colonies should all unite was in full strength. Benjamin, who was thought to be a Patriot, stood and made a accuse as to why he should not join the war, and offered an alternative to war. By the end of the meeting, Martin said he would not agree to make a vote that allowed a war to go on in his backyard. Benjamins children were ashamed by their fathers words. The levy was passed, however, and Benjamin later caught up with Gabriel who was in line to enlist in the war. thither was nothing he could do to change his sons mind. compound Harry Burwell told Martin hed take care of his son. Gabriel was away for near two years. Benjamins second oldest son, Thomas, grew thirsty for war himself. The war was growing closer to Fresh Water Plantation. Gunshots were within earshot. Gabriel returned home wound and bloody. Soon the battle took place on Martins ground. His home was presently transformed into a hospital. Both Patriots ... ...y, and if Burwell didnt see Martin in that time, hed make the letter final. Martin went to his family, but soon returned to the war in thee weeks. Approximately five months later, Martin and his militia hiked to the top of a nearby cumulus to see Seven Thousand French troops. There was also a barricade in the sea, preventing British supplies from coming in. A few weeks later, the British raised the white flag. General Washington thanked the militia greatly for their contributions to the war. Burwell and Martin talked near what they think t o do now that the war was finally over. So a lot had changed Martin had lost two of his boys. Burwell informed Martin that he had named his new son subsequently Gabriel. Martin soon departed for his family. His wife was pregnant, so he had to wait at Gullah Village until his eighth child was old enough to travel. He planned to rebuild at Fresh Water Plantation, but worried because he didnt know how hed be able to decision in time for the winter. When he arrived at his homestead, he instal that heap were already building on his property. He was delighted though, when he found that it was a few of his militiamen helping to rebuild his home.

biology scientific process :: essays research papers

biological science The Science of Our LivesBiology liter eithery means "the study of life". Biology is such a colossal field, covering the minute workings of chemical machines inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change. Biologists study intimate details of the gentleman brain, the composition of our genes, and even the functioning of our reproductive system. Biologists recently all merely completed the deciphering of the human genome, the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases that may determine a good deal of our innate capabilities and predispositions to certain forms of behavior and illnesses. DNA sequences have played major(ip) roles in criminal cases (O.J. Simpson, as well as the reversal of expiration penalties for many wrongfully convicted individuals), as well as the impeachment of President Clinton (the scratch at least did not lie). We are bombarded with headlines about possible wellness risks from favorite food s (Chinese, Mexi quite a little, hamburgers, etc.) as well as the potential benefits of eating early(a) foods such as cooked tomatoes. Informercials tout the benefits of metabolism-adjusting drugs for weight loss. Many Americans are bout to herbal remedies to ease arthritis pain, change memory, as well as improve our moods. Can a biology book give you the answers to these prosecutionions? No, but it impart enable you learn how to sift through the biases of investigators, the press, and others in a quest to critically evaluate the question. To be honest, five years after you are through with this class it is doubtful you would remember all the details of meatbolism. However, you go forth know where to look and maybe a little about the surgical process of science that will allow you to make an informed decision. Will you be a scientist? Yes, in a way. You may not be officially trained as a science major, but you can cipher critically, solve problems, and have some idea about w hat science can and cannoit do. I hope you will be able to tell the garb from the shinola. The Scientific ProcessScientists make progress by using the scientific method, a process of checking conclusions against nature. After observing something, a scientist tries to explain what has been seen. The rendering is called a hypothesis. There is always at least one pick hypothesis. A part of nature is tested in a "controlled experimentation" to see if the explanation matches reality. A controlled experiment is one in which all treatments are identical except that some are exposed to the conjectural cause and some are not.

Form, Duration and Participation :: essays papers

Form, age and interestThere ar three main structural features that atomic number 18 utilise to emphasize master outgrowth for the instructors Form, duration and employment.Form Is basically the fermentat that the passe-partout increase enrichment was taught or relayed to the teachers. There be two assorted types of activities to emphasize form of professional tuition. One type is reform activities which may include teach group, teacher network, mentoring relationship, committee or task furiousness, internship, individual research project, or teacher resource center(Birman, Desimone, Garet, and Porter, p.29). These activities require or almost force the teacher to interact with other(a)s who have a familiarity base of professional development. These activities arent dear the teacher sitting and creation instructed on what they as teachers should incorporate in the teaching policies but they are interacting and seeing what other teachers have done who may be c orrespondent to them (meaning teaching at the comparable school or the alike(p) line) and what did and did non work for them in teaching activities to their class. The second activity is the basic shop class or conference, which doesnt necessarily, gives the teachers a chance to interact. Form all in all is the initialize in which the professional development skills are communicated to the teacher.Duration This structure just raises the question of the amount of eon spent in learning bleak innovations of professional development. Through research it has been proven that with a long track of duration in structure of professional development the outcome is much elaborate and effective. According to Designing Professional exploitation that Works nightlong duration have to a greater extent subject study content focus, more opportunities for active learning, and more coherence with teachers other experiences than do shorter activities. This encourages professional developmen t enrichment to be over a period of time to ensure that the teachers are grasping everything possible from the professional development enhancement. lodge This structure is how the teacher interacts during the professional development. The question that is raised here is Did groups of teachers from the same school, department, or grade level get into collectively, or did teachers from different schools singly? (Birman, Desimone, Garet, and Porter, p.29). For the professional development to be most effective its insisted that teachers not only participate in the professional development improvements but collectively participate. Collective participation is the collaboration of teachers who may work within the same school, subject area, or grade level. Some of the advantages of collective participation are that the teachers may be able to tell one another a specific construction of teaching that is helpful for teaching or a specific cyclorama that wasnt as useful.Form, Duration and Participation essays papersForm, Duration and ParticipationThere are three main structural features that are used to emphasize professional development for the teachers Form, duration and participation.Form Is basically the stage that the professional development enrichment was taught or relayed to the teachers. There are two different types of activities to emphasize form of professional development. One type is reform activities which may include study group, teacher network, mentoring relationship, committee or task force, internship, individual research project, or teacher resource center(Birman, Desimone, Garet, and Porter, p.29). These activities require or almost force the teacher to interact with others who have a knowledge base of professional development. These activities arent just the teacher sitting and being instructed on what they as teachers should incorporate in the teaching policies but they are interacting and seeing what other teachers have done who may be similar to them (meaning teaching at the same school or the same grade) and what did and did not work for them in teaching activities to their class. The second activity is the basic workshop or conference, which doesnt necessarily, gives the teachers a chance to interact. Form all in all is the format in which the professional development skills are communicated to the teacher.Duration This structure just raises the question of the amount of time spent in learning new innovations of professional development. Through research it has been proven that with a long span of duration in structure of professional development the outcome is more elaborate and effective. According to Designing Professional Development that Works longer duration have more subject area content focus, more opportunities for active learning, and more coherence with teachers other experiences than do shorter activities. This encourages professional development enrichment to be over a period of time to ensure t hat the teachers are grasping everything possible from the professional development enhancement. Participation This structure is how the teacher interacts during the professional development. The question that is raised here is Did groups of teachers from the same school, department, or grade level participate collectively, or did teachers from different schools individually? (Birman, Desimone, Garet, and Porter, p.29). For the professional development to be most effective its insisted that teachers not only participate in the professional development improvements but collectively participate. Collective participation is the collaboration of teachers who may work within the same school, subject area, or grade level. Some of the advantages of collective participation are that the teachers may be able to tell one another a specific aspect of teaching that is helpful for teaching or a specific aspect that wasnt as useful.